The Oven

Many kitchen appliances are great inventions of the past two centuries, however I don't know how I can manage without the oven. I think the invention of the oven is significant because before the oven, meals took hours to prepare on the stove or outside in wood or coal burning ovens with laborious efforts. Having an oven to cook indoors has revolutionized the way we cook food today. In the past, cooking ovens were fueled by wood or coal and it hours to get the oven ready for cooking and then hours for the food to actually cook. Today thanks to the modern oven and it's technology, I can make a cake in 30 minutes, a turkey dinner in 3 hours, and heat up bread in minutes. There is no need to clean it, as the self-clean function takes care of the cleaning fast and efficiently. I can put dinner in the oven to cook while I do other chores around the house and a timer tells me when dinner is ready. How conveniently great is that?!!

History 

Settlements across the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven within each mud-brick house by 3200 BC. Culinary historians credit the Greeks for developing bread baking into an art. Front-loaded bread ovens were developed in ancient Greece. The Greeks created a wide variety of doughs, loaf shapes and styles of serving bread with other foods. Baking developed as a trade and profession as bread increasingly was prepared outside of the family home by specially trained workers to be sold to the public. This is one of the oldest forms of professional food processing. the Greeks also pioneered sweet breads, fritters, puddings, cheesecakes, pastries, and even wedding cakes. Often prepared in symbolic shapes, these products were originally served during special occasions and ceremonies. By 300 AD the Greeks had developed over seventy different kinds of bread.

Oven depicted in a painting by Millet

Ancient Greek portable oven

 

Traditional Moroccan clay oven

 

Classical Pompeii oven

 

 

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven

Chronology

 

From: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blstoves.htm

• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) invented the iron furnace stove or 'Franklin Stove'.
• Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist designed the first sootless kerosene stove.
• Jordan Mott invented the first practical coal stove in 1833. Mott's stove was called the baseburner. The stove had ventilation to burn the coal efficiently.
• British inventor, James Sharp patented a gas stove in 1826, the first successful gas stove to appear on the market.

The Carpenter Electric Heating Manufacturing Co. invented an electric stove in 1891. On June 30, 1896, William Hadaway was issued the first patent for the electric stove. In 1910, William Hadaway went on to design the first toaster made by Westinghouse, a horizontal combination toaster-cooker.

 

Second Industrial Revolution Stoves

The coal stove was cylindrical and made of heavy cast iron with a hole in the top, which was then enclosed by an iron ring. Gas stoves were found in most households by the 1920s with top burners and interior ovens. It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that electric stoves began to compete with gas stoves, however, electric stoves were available as early as the 1890s.
 

The Water Heater

When I grew up in Pakistan, we attended school from 7am to noon. Due to the extreme hot weather at midday, schools and even some businesses were closed till mid afternoon. I attended a private school that was about 30 km away so I was bussed from my home at 6 in the morning. The long bus route was due to several stops the bus was required to make for pickups. So every morning we'd wake up at 5am to take a cold shower in the summer months or in the winter, warm bath that had water that was first heated by a kettle and then mixed to the bucket of cold water. Often we would wash our face, hands and do kitchen duties with very cold water. Having to grow up without running hot water was inconvenient but something we were just used to. My father eventually got a hot water tank installed in our home months before we left our home country.

Many people who have lived in a developed country all of their life do not realize that still millions of people around the world are without hot water, in fact even cold running water. We need to appreciate what we have and so often we take for granted our daily comforts and conveniences. Can you imagine waking up this morning when it's -5 C outside and to have to first boil water so you can just wash up? If you decide to take a cold shower and are crazy enough to stay in the shower for a few minutes you'll probably end up getting pneumonia or hypothermia. You may not know that third world countries, such as Pakistan can have cold winters as Canada. In the city when I lived, Karachi, in January the temperatures can drop to as low as 1-4 C and in the northern parts of the country, especially in the mountain ranges such as the city Muree, temperatures can dip as low as -30C. It may be a consider a luxury in some parts of the world, however it is a luxury for us too living in North America and a convenience that we simply do not want to want to live without.

History
Taken from :  http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/The-History-of-Who-Invented-the-Electric-Water-Heater-/633796

The answer to who invented the electric water heater begins around 1850 with an experiment that was created in which both water and bath, on the underneath side, were heated by gas jets. An Englishman Benjamin Maughan, however in 1868 invented the first instant water heater called “The Geyser”, a device where the water was heated as it flowed into the bath. They were known to be quite dangerous.
Maughn’s invention influenced the designs of a Norwegian mechanical engineer by the name of Edwin Ruud, who immigrated to Pittsburg. Ruud who invented the electric water heater (automatic storage) in 1889, founded the Ruud Manufacturing Company, which is still in operation today, and pioneered the advancement of water heaters, in both the residential and commercial market.

The Water Heater is still sometimes referred to as a geyser in the UK. Other terms include: an electric water boiler, electric dispensing pot, or electric water urn.

There are various kinds of water heaters. The most common water heaters are the storage water heaters. Instantaneous (tankless) water heaters are newer on the market, and newer still, solar water heaters.

Storage Tank Water Heaters:

This is typically the kind of water heater you saw growing up, the big white tank often beside the furnace. Tank type water heaters come in different varieties - gas, oil & electric. This refers to the type of burner used to heat the water. Energy efficiencies between the different types of burners on the tank water heaters can differ greatly. In this tank, cold water is used to fill the tank, and an element, usually near the top & bottom inside the tank is used to heat it. In between the inside tank and the outer shell is often insulation to help keep the water hot, without the elements having to do all of the work.

Instantaneous Water Heaters:

Instantaneous Water Heaters, also called Tankless Water Heaters are just that. They do not have a tank, and therefore are thought to be more energy efficient. Sometimes they are called an in-line water heater, as it only heats the water it needs as it passes through, and therefore energy is not wasted by heating extra water all day that is not in use.

Other terms for Tankless Water Heaters is Combination Water Heaters, Combi Boilers, Continuous Flow Water Heaters, Inline Water Heaters, Flash Water Heaters, On-Demand Water Heaters or Instant-On Water heaters.

These particular Water Heaters are rapidly gaining in popularity and will soon become the standard. Often, one main Tankless Water Heater will be installed near the furnace, and supplemental smaller Tankless Water Heaters will be situated in tactical spots, such as a far reaching bathrooms, etc to be located right where the water is being used. This strategy saves water as well as energy, thereby making this option one of the most efficient, as well as saving on space.

Solar Water Heaters:

If you’re fortunate enough to live someplace sunny most of the year around, a solar powered water heater may be an option for you. Solar collectors are typically installed on the exterior of the building on the roof or nearby. If insufficient sunlight or at night, an automatic sensor turns off and keeps the remaining water from cooling.

For colder climates, you’re not out of luck. The evacuated tube collector solar powered water heater is an alternate type of solar water heater, smaller and deemed more efficient, also roof mounted, is said to work very well in cold climates.

True to its name, the evacuated tube collector solar powered water heater has a row of glass tubes which contain heat conducting rods. Inside the heating rods is antifreeze, which is in a circulating loop. The heat is captured and transferred into a heat exchanger. The result is excellent, with very low heat loss due to the fact that once the inside coating has absorbed solar radiation, the air has been evacuated from the glass tubes to create a vacuum.